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- BBC News

2023年3月22日

現在的銀行「爆雷」,發展太快。硅谷銀行危機48小時內政府就接手,一波未平,更大的瑞信危機接踵而至,上周三(3月15)股價暴跌,到周日(3月19日)這場危機就以一場史詩級交易,暫告段落。

3月19日,瑞士聯邦政府宣佈,瑞士信貸將被瑞銀集團收購,交易總對價為30億瑞士法郎(約合32億美元)。這相當於3月17日收盤市值的四成。

被四折賣掉的瑞信,今年167歲,與當年倒閉時158歲的雷曼相仿,而剛剛倒下的硅谷銀行還不到40歲,它們的命運有何異同?瑞信如何一步步走到今天的境地?更重要的是,瑞信的餘波會怎樣影響全球?

一、瑞信危機與硅谷銀行倒閉有何異同?

二者倒閉的原因有相似之處,就是內部風險控制不善導致。

疫情後美聯儲採取寬鬆政策,大放水,硅谷銀行管理的資金量水漲船高,如是硅谷銀行決定購買較為安全的美國債券,吃點利息。

然而到了2022年初,風頭急轉,美聯儲為了抑制高居不下的通脹,開始加息,幅度和頻率又急又密,此舉造成2022年美債暴跌,硅谷銀行開始血虧。大客戶看到這一情況,紛紛提回存款,擠垮了硅谷銀行。

說到底,硅谷銀行在管理旗下投資時沒有對沖美債收益率波動的風險。

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硅谷銀行倒閉危機:事件的後續影響以及對經濟意味著什麼?

瑞信的危機類似,週期更長,最關鍵的是2021年3月,當時知名的「中概股爆倉」事件中,一家美國家族基金阿奇戈斯資本管理公司(Archegos Capital),通過瑞信和多家美國投行,獲取巨額貸款進行高槓桿股票炒作,並最終「暴雷」。

投行們紛紛出逃,拋售替「阿奇戈斯資本」購買的股票,然而投行們反應也有快有慢,摩根士丹利跑得最快,瑞信最慢,損失也最慘,達到55億美元。

幾乎在同一時間,英國一家供應鏈金融企業格林希爾資本(Greensill Capital)爆雷倒閉,此前這家公司不斷發放貸款,並且打包之後作為金融產品出手,而瑞信設立了4隻供應鏈金融基金來投資「格林希爾資本」打包的債券。通過層層轉包,風險被掩蓋,最終爆雷時,瑞信虧損達到30億美金。

這些事件導致瑞信首席風險官被辭退,因為從「格林希爾資本」再到「阿奇戈斯資本」,兩起事件都展現出瑞信內部對風險監控的疏漏。這一點也在瑞信最近的財報中得到確認,並且成為本輪暴跌的誘因之一。

但瑞信與硅谷銀行,在業務屬性和規模上,大不相同。

即便經歷大量資金外流和連續虧損,瑞信管理的資產規模依然超過1萬億瑞士法郎,相當於1.1萬億美元,或者7.5萬億元人民幣。而全世界GDP超過1萬億美元的國家僅有17個。而硅谷銀行為2000億美元左右。

瑞信是走在風頭浪尖的投行,金融服務五花八門,硅谷銀行更像一家吸儲放貸的傳統銀行。只不過它並不服務一般老百姓,而是專門針對創業企業、創投基金。這些初創公司風險較高,傳統商業銀行並不青睞。而硅谷銀行卻專門針對它們開發業務,比如有些貸款回報甚至是對方的股權。

二、瑞信危機與雷曼兄弟倒閉有何異同?

相比之下,瑞信和雷曼各方面都太像了。

瑞信成立於1856年,雷曼兄弟成立於1850年,兩者都業務繁多,包括財富管理、投資銀行和資產管理、私募基金等,且遍布世界各地。

2008年,雷曼兄弟破產是美國歷史上最大的破產案,也標誌著2008年金融危機全面爆發。惠及全球多年的經濟擴張期嘎然而止。國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)數據顯示,新興經濟2009年急劇減速,增幅只有2.8%,而發達工業國家出現負增長,即-3.4%。

雷曼倒閉歸根結底是因為「房產抵押貸款證券」(MBS)的信用崩盤。當年金融人士普遍認為MBS是「安全資產」,因此經常把它作為抵押品,進行借款,甚至還通過衍生品,進一步放大了槓桿率。

在瑞信危機中,也能看到類似的情況。「格林希爾資本」發放的高風險貸款,被整合之後粉飾成供應鏈金融,並借由「家大業大」的瑞信之手,掩蓋了風險,銷售給瑞信的客戶。

區別在於,當年MBS由於它被廣泛運用在各種金融交易中,因此「傳染性」極強。而「格林希爾資本」打包的金融產品,只坑了瑞信一家。

其次,兩家虧損程度也不一樣。雷曼兄弟當年旗下資產6000多億美元,虧損也達到6000多億美元。瑞信管理資產超過萬億美元,虧損則在百億美元級別。

但隨著硅谷銀行的倒閉,市場猶如驚弓之鳥。瑞士方面的監管層、瑞銀高管、瑞信高管,都在指責美國當前的銀行業危機「催化」了瑞信的危機。

三、瑞信危機的餘波何在?

在這場收購中,最受傷的不是被迫「四折賤賣」的瑞信股東,而是瑞信所發行「額外一級資本」(Additional Tier1,簡稱AT1)債券的持有人,規模達到158億瑞郎(172億美元),被全額減記至零,血本無歸。

AT1債券是2008年金融危機後的發明,銀行發行這類債券以吸收風險,一級資本不足就要將其轉換為普通股,比一般債券風險高,收益也更高。

但即便如此,在併購或者破產清算時的償付慣例是,債券的優先權高於股票。但這一事件中,股票還未歸零,債券卻被全額減記。

瑞士當局對AT1債券的處置,引發巨大爭議,也造成AT1債大跌。歐洲整體AT1的規模不過2750億美元,此次一下減記了170多億。業內人士認為,此舉可能增加歐洲銀行業未來的資金成本。

緊接著,包括歐洲央行銀行監管局在內的多家歐元區監管機構,紛紛發聲「普通股權一級資本」(CET1)仍然先於AT1債券承擔損失,瑞信可能只是特例。

「在金融市場上,真正的資本是信任。」《華爾街日報》援引瑞士意大利語區大學金融教授阿德西(Giovanni Barone Adesi)表示,所以如果人們開始對他們的金融機構失去信任,一切都會快速瓦解。

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